Food additive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin. Numbering To regulate these additives, and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number, termed as "E numbers", which is used in Europe for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and extended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to internationally identify all additives,[1] regardless of whether they are approved for use. E numbers are all prefixed by "E", but countries outside Europe use only the number, whether the additive is approved in Europe or not. For example, acetic acid is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103, alkanet, is not approved for use in Europe so does not have an E number, although it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. Since 1987, Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The numbers are the same as in Europe, but without the prefix 'E'. The United States Food and Drug Administration listed these items as "Generally recognized as safe" or GRAS; they are listed under both their Chemical Abstract Services number and Fukda regulation under the US Code of Federal Regulations. * See list of food additives for a complete list of all the names. * See E number for the numbers. [edit] Categories Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them. Acids Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid. Acidity regulators Acidity regulators are used to change or otherwise control the acidity and alkalinity of foods. Anticaking agents Anticaking agents keep powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking. Antifoaming agents Antifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods. Antioxidants Antioxidants such as vitamin C act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen on food, and can be beneficial to health. Bulking agents Bulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its taste. Food coloring Colorings are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive. Color retention agents In contrast to colorings, color retention agents are used to preserve a food's existing color. Emulsifiers Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenized milk. Flavors Flavors are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially. Flavor enhancers Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. They may be extracted from natural sources (through distillation, solvent extraction, maceration, among other methods) or created artificially. Flour treatment agents Flour treatment agents are added to flour to improve its color or its use in baking. Glazing agents Glazing agents provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods. Humectants Humectants prevent foods from drying out. Tracer gas Tracer gas allow for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus guaranteeing shelf life. Preservatives Preservatives prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. Stabilizers Stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents, like agar or pectin (used in jam for example) give foods a firmer texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize emulsions. Sweeteners Sweeteners are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy (calories) low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus and tooth decay and diarrhea. Thickeners Thickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties. [edit] Safety With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the use of food additives of varying levels of safety. This has led to legislation in many countries regulating their use. For example, boric acid was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s,[2][3] but was banned after World War I due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During World War II, the urgent need for cheap, available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s.[2] Such cases led to a general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the precautionary principle led to the conclusion that only additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the USA, this led to the adoption of the Delaney clause, an amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, stating that no carcinogenic substances may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of cyclamates in the USA and Britain in 1969, saccharin, the only remaining legal artificial sweetener at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry in the USA, partly communicated to Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in the packaging of sweetened soft drinks, led to the retention of saccharin despite its violation of the Delaney clause.[4] In September 2007, research financed by Britain's Food Standards Agency and published online by the British medical journal The Lancet, presented evidence that a mix of additives commonly found in children’s foods increases the mean level of hyperactivity.[5] The team of researchers concluded that "the finding lends strong support for the case that food additives exacerbate hyperactive behaviors (inattention, impulsivity and overactivity) at least into middle childhood." That study examined the effect of artificial colors and a sodium benzoate preservative, and found both to be problematic for some children. Further studies are needed to find out whether there are other additives that could have a similar effect, and it is unclear whether some disturbances can also occur in mood and concentration in some adults. In the February 2008 issue of its publication, AAP Grand Rounds, the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that a low-additive diet is a valid intervention for children with ADHD: "Although quite complicated, this was a carefully conducted study in which the investigators went to great lengths to eliminate bias and to rigorously measure outcomes. The results are hard to follow and somewhat inconsistent. For many of the assessments there were small but statistically significant differences of measured behaviors in children who consumed the food additives compared with those who did not. In each case increased hyperactive behaviors were associated with consuming the additives. For those comparisons in which no statistically significant differences were found, there was a trend for more hyperactive behaviors associated with the food additive drink in virtually every assessment. Thus, the overall findings of the study are clear and require that even we skeptics, who have long doubted parental claims of the effects of various foods on the behavior of their children, admit we might have been wrong." In 2007, Food Standards Australia New Zealand published an official shoppers' guidance with which the concerns of food additives and their labeling are mediated.[6] There has been significant controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Some artificial food additives have been linked with cancer, digestive problems, neurological conditions, ADHD, heart disease or obesity.[7] Natural additives may be similarly harmful or be the cause of allergic reactions in certain individuals. For example, safrole was used to flavor root beer until it was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in sassafras and sweet basil.[8] Extreme caution should be taken with sodium nitrite which is mainly used a food coloring agent. Sodium nitrite is added to meats to produce an appealing and fresh red color to the consumer. Sodium nitrite can produce cancer causing chemicals such as nitrosamines, and numerous studies have shown a link between nitrite and cancer in humans that consume processed and cured meats.[9] Blue 1, Blue 2, Red 3, and Yellow 6 are among the food colorings that have been linked to various health risks. Blue 1 is used to color candy, soft drinks, and pastries and there has been some evidence that it may cause cancer. Blue 2 can be found in pet food, soft drinks, and pastries, and has shown to cause brain tumors in mice. Red 3, mainly used in cherries for cocktails has been correlated with thyroid tumors in rats and humans as well. Yellow 6, used in sausages, gelatin, and candy can lead to the attribution of gland and kidney tumors and contains carcinogens, but in minimal amounts.[9][unreliable source?] [edit] Standardization of its derived products ISO has published a series of standards regarding the topic and these standards are covered by ICS 67.220.[10] # This page was last modified on 7 October 2011 at 12:38. # Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

PLASTIC PROBLEMS : Plastic at your peril

The environmental and health costs of plastic. April 21, 2007: The next time you do the shopping and carry home the things in a cute, comfy plastic carry-bag, think: you are contributing your share to a deadly pollution whose ill-effects are irreversible and capable of reaching out to numerous generations to come. Plastic is one of the major toxic pollutants of our time. Being a non-biodegradable substance, composed of toxic chemicals, plastic pollutes earth, air and water. There is no way whatsoever you can �safely� dispose of plastic waste. Plastic causes serious damage to environment both during its production and disposal. So the only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is to reduce the use of plastic and thereby force a reduction in its production. Plastic plays the villain right from the stage of its production. The major chemicals that go into the making of plastic are highly toxic and pose serious threat to living beings of all species on earth. Some of the constituents of plastic such as benzene and vinyl chloride are known to cause cancer, while many others are gases and liquid hydrocarbons that vitiate earth and air. Plastic resins themselves are flammable and have contributed considerably to several accidents worldwide. The noxious substances emitted during the production of plastic are synthetic chemicals like ethylene oxide, benzene and xylenes. Besides hitting hard the eco-system, which is already fragile, these chemicals can cause an array of maladies ranging from birth defects to cancer, damage the nervous system and the immune system and also adversely affect the blood and the kidneys. And, many of these toxic substance are emitted during recycling of plastic, too. Like in the case of all other chemical substances, �disposal� of plastic is a myth. Once plastic is produced, the harm is done once and for all. Plastic defies any kind of attempt at disposal � be it through recycling, burning, or landfilling. When you recycle a hazard, you create a hazard. Recycling of a toxic waste merely puts the hazardous material back into the marketplace and, eventually, into the environment � thereby making no reduction in toxic use. Since plastic does not undergo bacterial decomposition, landfilling using plastic would mean preserving the poison forever. But can plastic be burned and thus its hazard got rid of? No way. When burned, plastic releases a host of poisonous chemicals into the air, including dioxin, the most toxic substance known to science. Apart from these perils, recycling of plastic is very uneconomical, dirty and labour-intensive as has been reveled by a study conducted by the Public Interest Research Group, based in Dehi, India. Recycling of plastic is associated with skin and respiratory problems, resulting from exposure to and inhalation of toxic fumes, especially hydrocarbons and residues released during the process. What is worse, the recycled plastic degrades in quality and necessitates the production of more new plastic to make the original product. Plastic wastes clog the drains and thus hit especially urban sewage systems. The plastic wastes being dumped into rivers, streams and seas contaminate the water, soil, marine life and also the very air we breathe. Choked drains provide excellent breeding grounds for disease-causing mosquitoes besides causing flooding during the monsoons. Any attempt to �get rid of� plastic through landfills is also dangerous. Apart form toxic seepage from the landfill, resulting in the contamination of precious water sources, the waste mass impedes the flow of ground water as well and obstructs the movement of roots � thereby badly affecting the soil�s biological balance and organic processes. Landfills are also prone to leaks. The wastes � especially cadmium and lead in the wastes � invariably mix with rain water, then seep through the ground and drain into nearby streams and lakes and other water bodies. Thus the water we use gets poisoned. The only way out of the deadly and lasting danger of plastic is to cut down the use of plastic, if not avoid it altogether. Say �no� to plastic � whenever and wherever you can. Source : http://www.dancewithshadows.com/business/pharma/plastic.asp

Milprims Air Freshener

MilPrimS produces innovative and artistic car, room, & home air freshener with reasonable price and best quality. The air freshener is safe to use whether in your car, bedroom, or other rooms, and it has long lasting fragrance and freshener even for several months usage. Air FreshenerThere are some products available, such as Hanging Wood Air Freshener, Aromatherapy, Wooden Toy Air Freshener, Car & Home Air Freshener, Hanging Paper Air Freshener, Gel Air Freshener which you can get as you wish. Copyright © 2009 Car & Home Air Freshener Milprims.co

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Could your blow-dry poison you? A trendy way to straighten your hair uses a cocktail of chemicals with deeply disturbing side-effects When a rep selling a popular long-term hair straightening treatment visited Karen Dandy’s salon last year, the hairdresser was intrigued. Assembling her team of stylists and two willing models, Karen watched as the treatment — dubbed the Brazilian blow-dry, and loved by celebrities such as Lindsay Lohan and Nicole Richie — was applied. Could it, as promised, tame curly, frizzy hair in just three hours and leave women with that ‘perfect blow-dry’ look that lasted for months? They never found out. Little more than 30 minutes into the process, when the models’ hair was heated with straighteners, all five people in the room began suffering headaches and nausea, with stinging eyes and sore throats. Karen and her staff found themselves inhaling a noxious chemical mist that rose to the salon ceiling and hung there in a cloud. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Karen, owner of the Spires salon in East Grinstead, West Sussex, was unconvinced that the product — made by a leading British company — was safe. Despite interest from clients who loved the idea of mirror-smooth hair for up to three months at a time, she turned it down. A few months later, however, after being told the product had been re-formulated, she gave the rep another chance. Once again, a model was found; this time, Karen’s 23-year-old daughter Charlotte, one of the stylists. Expectations were high but, again, the room filled with the familiar, pungent odour as headaches and nausea claimed the watching team. ‘It obviously wasn’t safe — and the irony is that it didn’t even achieve a good result,’ says Karen. ‘Charlotte’s hair looked brittle and burned at the ends.’ Worryingly, given this has become one of the most fashionable and popular hair treatments in Britain today, Karen’s experience is not an isolated case of a ‘rogue’ batch of straightening treatments causing harmful side-effects. In the U.S., makers of the Brazilian Blowout — one of the most popular forms of the treatment — are currently facing a class action lawsuit from 200 people (and counting) who say the product has damaged their health. The stylist who launched the action, Kimberley Ryley, says every one of her 225 clients reported some kind of symptom from headaches and eye irritation to dermatitis, allergic reactions, chest pain, asthma, insomnia and depression. There are even fears that prolonged exposure could trigger cancer. Bad experience: The treatment was tried out at Karen Dandy's salon twice - both times it left the stylists with a headache Bad experience: The treatment was tried out at Karen Dandy's salon twice - both times it left the stylists with a headache So what could possibly be causing these worrying symptoms? In one word: formaldehyde. Better known as a key ingredient in embalming fluid, formaldehyde is also one of the main ingredients in many of these hair straightening treatments. According to EU rules, the level of formaldehyde in the hair solution must be less than 0.2 per cent to protect the health of both stylist and client. But in the U.S., where the straightening treatments have been popular for longer, some manufacturers have been caught using solutions containing up to 50 times the limit. The explanation for this is the stronger the solution, the longer lasting and more effective the result. Last year, alerts were sent out by the EU against four hair straightening brands used in the UK: Brazilian Blowout; Coppola; Global Keratin and KeraStraight. These brands should immediately have been cleared from shelves because of unacceptable levels of formaldehyde, according to EU law. Certainly countries such as Italy, Germany, France and Ireland have already banned products which contain more than 0.2 per cent. But the Daily Mail has learnt these limits are often ignored by manufacturers, and British hairdressers are still using potentially dangerous treatments on unsuspecting clients. And not just in smaller, back-street salons. The Brazilian Blowout brand was until recently offered by top hairdresser Nicky Clarke. Meanwhile, Keratin Complex by U.S. brand Coppola, which was found to have eight times the permitted level of formaldehyde, is still being used by John Frieda. This, even though it has been withdrawn from other European countries. Meanwhile ‘Brazilian blow-dries’ here have soared in popularity. At Salon 2010, the industry’s flagship event, there were 17 stands offering these products, whereas the previous year there were only a handful. So why are so many women putting their health at risk for a hair style? The Brazilian blow-dry began, as the name implies, in Brazil about six years ago. Exactly how the straightening properties of formaldehyde were discovered are unclear, although its use in the textile industry to straighten wool may have sparked the idea. The treatment soon spread throughout the U.S. and Europe, and began to be marketed in the UK around two years ago, costing up to £250 a time. First, the hair is washed with a special shampoo that opens up the hair cuticles in preparation for the straightening solution (in many cases, a formaldehyde mixture) which is applied next and combed through, then left on the hair for around 30 minutes. In the last stage, extra-hot straighteners are applied to ‘lock-in’ the formula and set the blow-dry. The healthy option! If your thought using hair straighteners was bad for your hair, you will be outraged by the chemical straightening treatment's side-effects The healthy option! If your thought using hair straighteners was bad for your hair, you will be outraged by the chemical straightening treatment's side-effects But the heating stage is where problems can arise. Combining heat and formaldehyde prevents hair from curling, creating a long-term straightening effect. But when the solution is heated, the formaldehyde emits a vapour which can bring with it an ugly tally of complaints. There is additional concern that if formaldehyde comes into direct contact with the scalp it can penetrate the hair follicle and permanently damage the cells that produce hair growth. The result is that when hairs fall out, they are not replaced with new ones. While there have been no UK lawsuits yet, solicitor Karen Jackson, of industrial disease litigation specialists Roberts Jackson, warns that many UK salons are risking legal action. No one was available to comment from the Trading Standards Institute. However, the Cosmetics, Toiletries and Perfumery Association, representing the British industry, is aware of the issue. Its director, Dr Chris Flower, admits some of the prohibited bottles — all marketed with promises of banishing frizz — are still available here. ‘I’ve heard anecdotally about people in salons saying: “Yes, the product works really well, but it makes my eyes water and my skin itch like mad,” ’ he says. ‘Formaldehyde is actually quite a potent sensitiser, so you can quickly become allergic to it and it’s certainly a nasty respiratory irritant. It is a genuine and significant risk to both consumer and hairdresser. HOT STUFF Hair straighteners have to reach 180c for long term results ‘If you see the words formaldehyde, aldehyde, glutaraldehyde, formalin or methylene glycol on the ingredients list, it should ring alarm bells, and you should check these chemicals are not being used at more than the safe levels defined in European legislation. ‘The labelling information should be honest. If someone basically lies when they tell you what’s in the product, it tells you an awful lot about the way that company must operate.’ Jez Barnet, MD of British company KeraStraight, rejects the EU’s testing procedure as ‘outdated’, but acknowledges the future must be formaldehyde-free. ‘We questioned the EU report, but we didn’t want a long-winded scientific argument which put customers and salon owners through uncertainty, so we reformulated our product and use new technology so we don’t have to use any aldehydes at all. ‘It uses a low-PH protein amino acid which produces a similar result, using different science. We don’t think the aldehyde-based method will be in existence in a few years, because the world’s turning against it.’ Or perhaps not. Florida-based brand Peter Coppola had a total of four products on the EU list, with some containing ten times the limit for formaldehyde. Despite this, Ivie Richman, Coppola’s director of public relations, told the Mail there is nothing wrong with its product if it’s applied in the right way. In any case, she suggested, beauty has its price: ‘It’s like if I get my hair coloured, it burns my eyes if I’m not in an open space.’ PLAY IT STRAIGHT Ceramic flat irons are less damaging to hair because they emit gentle infra-red heat Even if every salon in the country stopped using the illegal products, a quick internet search reveals that many of them, including the worst offender for formaldehyde, Brazilian Blowout, are widely available online. Karen Dandy believes we are only just beginning to see the problems caused by illegally formulated straightening treatments. ‘The first question we ask of a new product is: “How will it affect our clients?” The next is: “How will it affect our team?”  ‘These are mostly young people who should have long, healthy lives ahead of them. I don’t want to sound alarmist, but I’m worried stylists who’ve taken products on trust are going to find themselves battling cancer in the future — simply because they did the job they were asked to do.’ Nicky Clarke’s spokesman claimed the La Brasiliana product they now use has ‘passed all EU safety tests regarding airborne levels of formaldehyde’. There are, in fact, no such tests. La Brasiliana is claimed to be formaldehyde-free, but no certification to prove this was offered to the Mail. Asked if Nicky Clarke told their celebrity clients they had been using a product that was withdrawn, they declined to comment. John Frieda stands by the products they use. There was no response to our inquiries from Global Keratin. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group © Associated Newspapers Ltd Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1363620/Brazilian-blow-dry-uses-cocktail-chemicals-deeply-d

Methods for Water Purification

We always trust the Water Supply Department to provide us with pure drinking water. Ever wondered how exactly the water gets purified? What are the different methods for water purification implemented? Let's take a look at a few of them. Of the 3% fresh water available on earth, 68.7% is frozen in the form of icecaps and glaciers, 30.1% is groundwater, 0.3% is surface water and 0.9% is unaccounted for. It is clear that we use the 0.3% water by purifying it over and over again. The surface water includes 87% of lakes, 11% of swamps and remaining 2% of rivers. With so much of waste being dumped into them every minute, water pollution is inevitable, and surely the purity cannot be guaranteed. Hence, none of these sources provide us with clean and pure drinking water. In order to make this water consumable, it is processed in many ways. The water from rivers and lakes is treated in large water treatment plants. These methods give the basic treatment to the polluted water. Following is a 5 step pre-treatment process for water purification: * Step 1 - Pumping and Containment: The tanks in which water is stored and the pipes through which it is brought in, should be constructed with materials that do not dissolve or react with water. The tanks and pipes should be thoroughly cleaned. * Step2 - Screening: In this step, substances like huge stones, plastics, etc. are filtered. * Step3 - Storage: The water is stored in reservoirs for biological processing and also as a backup source in case of drought. * Step4 - Pre-conditioning: The hardness of water is treated in this step by adding sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3). * Step5 - Pre-chlorination: In this step, chlorine is added to the water to eliminate the biological organisms that enter the water from the tanks and pipes. After the pre-treatment, water has to undergo several more treatments to make it consumable. The following processes are generally carried out in the water treatment plant: * pH Adjustment: The pH level of neutral water is 7. If water traveling through the pipes is acidic, it may corrode the pipes, causing the pipe metal to dissolve in the water. Hence, if water is acidic i.e. having pH less than 7, lime is added to increase its pH. If water is too alkaline, hydrochloric acid can be added to it, to decrease its pH. Alkaline water can also corrode the pipe metal, but compared to the acidic water, chances of corrosion are lower. * Flocculation: It is the process of removing turbidity present in the water. The water is made clear and colorless. The chemicals used for this process are iron hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. * Sedimentation: In sedimentation, the floc that precipitates from the water during the flocculation process is separated. The sludge formed after the treatment settles at the bottom of the sedimentation basin. The floor of the basin is constantly cleaned. * Filtration: This is the last step for the removal of dirt. The minutest of dirt particles are filtered in this process. Sand filters are used for the filtration. The topmost layer is of carbon, where the organic impurity is removed. Then the water is passed through the sand layer, where particles are trapped as they pass through. * Removal of Chemical Impurities and Ions: This is a process of removal of hazardous chemical substances and elements like lead, nitrite and arsenic. Hardness of water is treated by removing the ions causing hardness i.e. calcium and magnesium. * Disinfection: Chlorine and other chemicals like ozone and hydrogen peroxide are added to water to kill disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Sometimes, water may be treated with UV radiation to kill the pathogens. Water from the supply plants travels through large pipes to the residential areas, during which some impurities may get added to it. Hence, many residential complexes have certain purification systems installed locally. Some of the home-based water purification methods are : * Boiling: It is the most basic form of water purification. Water is boiled for a minimum of 10 minutes. Though this method may kill the pathogens in water, it cannot filter the harmful chemical elements. * Chemical Purifiers: Iodine, potassium and chlorine are some of the chemical purifiers. They are available in the tablet form in the market and have to be added to water as per the quantity to be treated. They are the only portable form of purifier hence, beneficial while traveling. * Distillation: In distillation, water is heated till it evaporates. The vapor is then cooled and allowed to condense on the cooler surfaces of the apparatus. Water droplets from the condensed vapor are collected to obtain distilled water. It is a very slow process and cannot be implemented for large quantities of water. * Commercial Filter: Individual homes may have some purifying instruments like water filters to ensure further safety. Commercial filters make use of many processes like reverse osmosis, ion exchange, activated-carbon adsorption, micro-porous filtration, ultra-filtration and photo-oxidation to purify water. Approximately 60-65% of human body is made up of water and it is essential for us to consume pure water to maintain our health. After all, prevention is always better than cure. By Aishwarya Nirmal Ads by Google Water Treatment System Ultra Filtration System Disc/ Sand Filtration System www.kloberz.com.my Cari hotel di Singapura? Penawaran baru hotel Singapura. Pesanlah sekarang! agoda.web.id/Singapore_Hotels Vacuum Sewer Systems World Leading Vacuum Sewer Systems for collection of waste water www.roevac.com Water Purification -Human We Drink, We Dive, We Drive Learn Reliable Ultra Pure System! www.humancorp.co.kr Magnetic Water Treatment Bore, River water problems, salt scale, corrosion Leading Aust Brand www.deltawater.com.au Waste Water Treatment Filter UV,olah air limbah,Ozone Reverse osmosis,olah air laut,dll www.andritech.com Like This Article? Source : ©2000-2010, 2011 Buzzle.com® · All rights reserved.

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Organic Chemistry An Introduction To understand life as we know it, we must first understand a little bit of organic chemistry. Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Though many organic chemicals also contain other elements, it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that defines them as organic. Organic chemistry defines life. Just as there are millions of different types of living organisms on this planet, there are millions of different organic molecules, each with different chemical and physical properties. There are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, your fingernails, and so on. The diversity of organic chemicals is due to the versatility of the carbon atom. Why is carbon such a special element? Let's look at its chemistry in a little more detail. Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the periodic table and has four bonding electrons in its valence shell (see our Periodic Table module for more information). Similar to other non-metals, carbon needs eight electrons to satisfy its valence shell. Carbon therefore forms four bonds with other atoms (each bond consisting of one of carbon's electrons and one of the bonding atom's electrons). Every valence electron participates in bonding, thus a carbon atom's bonds will be distributed evenly over the atom's surface. These bonds form a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a spike at the top), as illustrated below: carbon bonds - Carbon forms 4 bonds Carbon forms 4 bonds Organic chemicals get their diversity from the many different ways carbon can bond to other atoms. The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms; the simplest hydrocarbon (called methane) contains a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms: carbon-methane - Methane - a carbon atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms Methane - a carbon atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms But carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in addition to hydrogen, as illustrated in the molecule ethane below: carbon-ethane - Ethane - a carbon-carbon bond Ethane - a carbon-carbon bond In fact, the uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself in many different ways. Carbon atoms can form long chains: carbon-hexane - Hexane - a 6-carbon chain Hexane - a 6-carbon chain branched chains: carbon-isohexane - Isohexane - a branched-carbon chain Isohexane - a branched-carbon chain rings: carbon-cyclohexane - Cyclohexane - a ringed hydrocarbon Cyclohexane - a ringed hydrocarbon There appears to be almost no limit to the number of different structures that carbon can form. To add to the complexity of organic chemistry, neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds: c-ethane c-ethene c-ethyne Single bonding Double bonding Triple bonding Keep in mind that each carbon atom forms four bonds. As the number of bonds between any two carbon atoms increases, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases (as can be seen in the figures above). Simple hydrocarbons The simplest hydrocarbons are those that contain only carbon and hydrogen. These simple hydrocarbons come in three varieties depending on the type of carbon-carbon bonds that occur in the molecule. Alkanes are the first class of simple hydrocarbons and contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. The alkanes are named by combining a prefix that describes the number of carbon atoms in the molecule with the root ending "ane". The names and prefixes for the first ten alkanes are given in the following table. Carbon Atoms Prefix Alkane Name Chemical Formula Structural Formula 1 Meth Methane CH 4 CH4 2 Eth Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 3 Prop Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 4 But Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 5 Pent Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 6 Hex Hexane C6H14 ... 7 Hept Heptane C7H16 8 Oct Octane C8H18 9 Non Nonane C9H20 10 Dec Decane C10H22 The chemical formula for any alkane is given by the expression CnH2n+2. The structural formula, shown for the first five alkanes in the table, shows each carbon atom and the elements that are attached to it. This structural formula is important when we begin to discuss more complex hydrocarbons. The simple alkanes share many properties in common. All enter into combustion reactions with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. In other words, many alkanes are flammable. This makes them good fuels. For example, methane is the principle component of natural gas, and butane is common lighter fluid. CH4 + 2O2 arrow CO2 + 2H2O The combustion of methane The second class of simple hydrocarbons, the alkenes, consists of molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair. Alkenes follow the same naming convention used for alkanes. A prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined with the ending "ene" to denote an alkene. Ethene, for example is the two- carbon molecule that contains one double bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkenes follows the expression CnH2n. Because one of the carbon pairs is double bonded, simple alkenes have two fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes. carbon-ethene - Ethene Ethene Alkynes are the third class of simple hydrocarbons and are molecules that contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair. Like the alkanes and alkenes, alkynes are named by combining a prefix with the ending "yne" to denote the triple bond. The chemical formula for the simple alkynes follows the expression CnH2n-2. carbon-ethyne - Ethyne Ethyne Isomers Because carbon can bond in so many different ways, a single molecule can have different bonding configurations. Consider the two molecules illustrated here: C6H14 c-hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C6H14 c-isohexane CH 3 I CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 Both molecules have identical chemical formulas (shown in the left column); however, their structural formulas (and thus some chemical properties) are different. These two molecules are called isomers. Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. Functional groups In addition to carbon and hydrogen, hydrocarbons can also contain other elements. In fact, many common groups of atoms can occur within organic molecules, these groups of atoms are called functional groups. One good example is the hydroxyl functional group. The hydroxyl group consists of a single oxygen atom bound to a single hydrogen atom (-OH). The group of hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl functional group is called alcohols. The alcohols are named in a similar fashion to the simple hydrocarbons, a prefix is attached to a root ending (in this case "anol") that designates the alcohol. The existence of the functional group completely changes the chemical properties of the molecule. Ethane, the two-carbon alkane, is a gas at room temperature; ethanol, the two-carbon alcohol, is a liquid. carbon-ethanol - Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol, common drinking alcohol, is the active ingredient in "alcoholic" beverages such as beer and wine. External Resources • Organic Molecular Model Kit • The Most Beautiful Molecule: The Discovery of the Buckyball • Other Recommended Products Back to top Anthony Carpi, Ph.D. "Organic Chemistry: An Introduction," Visionlearning Vol. CHE-2 (4), 2003. http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=60 Visionlearning Resources Glossary Library + Biology Adaptation Cells Charles Darwin I Charles Darwin II Charles Darwin III DNA I DNA II DNA III Genetics I Genetics II Taxonomy I Taxonomy II: Nomenclature + Chemistry Acids and Bases Atomic Theory I Atomic Theory II Carbohydrates Chemical Bonding Chemical Equations Chemical Reactions Fats and Proteins Matter Matter: States of Matter Nuclear Chemistry Organic Chemistry The Mole The Periodic Table of Elements Water + Earth Science Earth Structure Earth's Atmosphere Minerals I Minerals II Minerals III Plate Tectonics I Plate Tectonics II The Carbon Cycle The Hydrologic Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Rock Cycle + General Science Density Energy Temperature The Metric System The Scientific Method Unit Conversion + Physics Gravity Light I Light II Waves and Wave Motion + Process of Science Data: Analysis and Interpretation Data: Statistics Data: Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence Data: Using Graphs and Visual Data Ideas in Science: Scientific Controversy Ideas in Science: Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws Research Methods: Comparison Research Methods: Description Research Methods: Experimentation Research Methods: Modeling Research Methods: The Practice of Science Scientific Communication: Peer Review Scientific Communication: The How and Why of Scientific Meetings Scientific Communication: Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles Scientific Communication: Utilizing the Scientific Literature Scientific Ethics Scientific Institutions and Societies Scientists and the Scientific Community The Nature of Scientific Knowledge The Process of Science + Scientific Research Bone Changes in Rock Climbers Classic Experiment: Meselson and Stahl Creativity in Science From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes Studying Climate Change with Kevin Arrigo The Case of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker + Toxicology & Pharmacology Absorption, Distribution and Storage of Chemicals + Trigonometry Wave Mathematics + Interactive Animations Bohr's Atom: Quantum Behavior in Hydrogen The reaction of sodium with chlorine An example of an interactive learning tool: Mid-Ocean Ridges Leaning Tower of Pisa Experiment The formation of water The Virtual Animal Cell Nuclear Fusion Two Types of Nuclear Chain Reactions Dalton's Playhouse Darwin's Finches The Illustrated Animal Cell States of Matter The Illustrated Periodic Table External Resources • Organic Molecular Model Kit • The Most Beautiful Molecule: The Discovery of the Buckyball • Other Recommended Products Quotes ...one or two atoms can convert a fuel to a poison, change a color, render an inedible substance edible, or replace a pungent odor with a fragrant one. That changing a single atom can have such consequences is the wonder of the chemical world. -P.W. Atkins, 1987 Support independent publishing: Buy this book on Lulu. The Process of Science Support for Visionlearning has been provided by: Copyright © 2003 - 2011, Visionlearning, Inc.

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Interior Air Pollutant First of all what is an interior air pollutant? A substance which contaminates the environment around us (earth, air or water). The majority of these substances when in concentrated amounts or high levels become hazardous to human health, yet in smaller amounts they may not be classed as a pollutant. The key is too much of one thing is a pollutant. Substances are broken down into two basic categories; natural and artificial. Natural examples are methane or carbon dioxide and artificial examples would be man-made such as VOC emissions from plastic manufacturing and carbon dioxide created artificially during car engine combustion. Sources of interior air pollution Combustion air pollutants How cigarette smoke is a contribution to interior air pollution Cigarette smoke is an indoor air pollutant which has damaging health consequences for the smoker and anyone inhaling smoke passively (including animals). Cigarette smoke is one of the major causes of lung cancer and increases the chances of strokes and heart attacks. Respiratory conditions may also be triggered in adults and children. Around 4500 chemicals are released into the air with every cigarette including nicotine and benzene. The most concentrated levels of chemicals are found in the smoke around the end of the lit cigarette. Car engines create emissions which can make their way into your home through vents, windows, doors and other openings. The risk of these coming into your home is increased if any openings are facing a road or close to your and your neighbour’s garage. Poorly maintained, poorly vented, inefficient usage and malfunctioning gas ranges, gas stoves, wood stoves gas space heaters, kerosene space heaters and fireplaces will release the following pollutants; carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons and particulates. Depending on the concentration levels these substances are irritants and will have negative health consequences. Some are potentially lethal, especially through inhalation effecting your respiration system. Biological Air Pollutants The dangers of biological indoor air pollutants - know the contributing factors and how to lower the risk Types of biological pollutants are mildew, mould, viruses, bacteria, fungi, spores, dust mites and pollen contaminants. They are carried through your home by you, your family, your friends and your pet animals. These pollutants are found in areas with stagnant water, humidity and where moisture is present. Typical locations would be heating systems, air conditioning systems/ducts, humidifiers and dehumidifiers. Poor insulation and poorly vented/ventilated bathrooms, kitchens and WCs can be effected too – anywhere water is left to collect such as flooring. Causes range from leaks, condensation, animals, insects, birds (urine and dander) to water damage. These biological pollutants eoncourage strep (streptococcus bacteria) and staph (staphylococcal bacteria) infections to breed. The main health effects are respiratory conditions, asthma, raised temperature, dizziness, feeling lethargic, eye/nasal irritation and aching muscles. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Please read my article on VOCs for a detailed insight into these toxic airborne substances found in building materials and household products. Heavy Metal Pollutants Heavy metals are elements with high atomic weights. Typical heavy metals are lead, mercury, cadium, zinc, chromium and arsenic. Even at minute or low concentration levels these elements can be extremely hazardous to human and animal health. They are found in car engine emissions, pre 1990 latex painted surfaces and pre 1978 lead painted surfaces. New buildings are not of high risk from exposure, however older properties which have not been renovated have a higher risk. Each type of interior air pollutant is potentially hazardous to you and your family's health and wellbeing. It is important to know the risks, what the pollutants are and how to reduce the levels in your own home. Copyright © 2011 - Holistic-Interior-Designs.com - All Rights Reserved.

the uses of alkali metals

The Alkali Metals are: Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium Both lithium metal and its compounds have many uses. lithium stearate is mixed with oils to make all-purpose and high-temperature lubricants lithium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide in space vehicles lithium is alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make high perfomance alloys for aircraft Bahnmetall consists of lead containing 0.04% lithium, 0.7% calcium and 0.6% sodium is harder than pure lead and was used for railroad car bearings in Germany. compounds such as LiAlH4 and organolithium reagents (LiMe, LiPh, etc.) are very important as reagents in organic chemistry lithium metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element and so heat transfer applications various nuclear applications lithium is sometimes used as battery anode material (high electrochemical potential) and lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries lithium is used in the manufacture of special high strength glasses and ceramics sometimes, lithium-based compounds such as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) are used as drugs to treat manic-depressive disorders. Sodium:Sodium metal is used in the preparation of tetraethyl lead, PbEt4, an important anti-knock reagent in leaded petrol (gasoline) - fortunately being phased out in many countries because of lead pollution problems sodium metal is used in the preparation of titanium metal from TiCl4 the metal is used in the manufacture of sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium hydride the metal is used in the reduction of organic esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds the alloy with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent and a good chemical reducing agent (as some proportions of Na and K are liquid at room temperature). sodium compounds including "common salt" (sodium chloride, NaCl), "soda ash" (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3), "baking soda" (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, "bicarb"), and "caustic soda" (sodium hydroxide, NaOH), are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries sodium vapour is used in lamps for street lighting table salt - don't use too much! Potassium: The superoxide KO2 is used in breathing apparatus where moisture in the breath and carbon dioxide reacts with it to release oxygen [2KO2 + H2O + 2CO2 2KHCO3 + O2 ] the alloy of potassium with sodium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium in nuclear reactors. The alloy is liquid at ambient temperature and is a good reducing agent in the chemistry laboratory fertilizers - usually as the chloride, sulphate, nitrate, or carbonate possium nitrate, KNO3, and potassium chlorate, KClO3, are used in fireworks potassium bromide, KBr, was used as an antaphrodisiac - oh dear! potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is an important oxidizing agent low-sodium salt potassium hydroxide is used in the preparation of potassium phosphates for liquid detergents RIbidium: rubidium is easily ionized, and so has possible use in "ion engines" for space vehicles (but caesium is somewhat more efficient) used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes photocell component used for making special glasses RbAg4I5 has the highest room temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At ambient temperature, its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulphuric acid, suggesting uses in thin film batteries Caesium (cesium in USA) has relatively few uses and is not often encountered. Some uses include: used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of a few organic compounds the metal can be used in ion propulsion systems. Although not usable in the earth's atmosphere, 1 kg of caesium in outer space could propel a vehicle 140 times as far as the burning of the same amount of any known liquid or solid. It is more efficient than rubidium. used in atomic clocks because of its high oxygen affinity, the metal is used as a "getter" in electron tubes used in photoelectric cells and vacuum tubes IR lamps Francium has no uses. Copyright © 2011 Yahoo! All Rights Reserved. * Copyright/IP Policy - * Privacy Policy - * About Our Ads - * Terms of Service - * Community Guidelines * - Safety Tips

http://stuartmconde.hubpages.com

The Moog Rogue Analogue Mono Synthesizer 70 rate or flag this page By Stuart M Condé The Moog Rogue Click thumbnail to view full-size The original 1981 press advertThat famous logoThe Moog Rogue Analogue Synth The original 1981 press advert The original 1981 press advert Ads by Google Library RFID Systems www.fetechgroup.com.au Self Serve Check Out - Self Returns Australian designed & manufactured Shutterstock® Library www.Shutterstock.com 16 Million Stock Photos Available. Purchase Any Photo, Use Forever. Moog Bass, Overdrive and Creativity The Moog Rogue or the Rogue Moog to give it it proper name was a monophonic analogue synth that came out in 1981 during the peak of the post-punk synth-pop era. It was designed to be an affordable version of the Moog Prodigy, which itself was a cut-down version of the legendary 3 oscillator MiniMoog. It was the late Dr Robert Moog's answer to the ARP Axxe which was available from around the mid '70's. It also gives us a clue to the correct pronunciation of the famous Moog name. As with a lot of vintage synthesizers, It currently has a massive cult following and has been used by Peter Gabriel, 808 State and Mr Oizo and many other producers and recording artists. At the time, analogue synthesizers were extremely expensive to design and manufacture so these entry level machines were a great way for mere mortals (like me) to get their hands on that Moog sound, or something similar. Remember that these machines were made with real analogue components and are not to be confused with modern digital imitations. Moog Music inc. even licensed the design to Radioshack who built their own, even cheaper version. The famous Moog Taurus bass pedals also used the guts from the Rogue and it too is extremely sought-after. Design The Rogue Moog is a classic 2 oscillator design and is fairly unremarkable on paper. It was, however, an improvement on the majority of rubbish 1 oscillator machines doing the rounds at the time. It's more about what you can't do with it and what's missing than what you can do. For example, you can't combine waveforms and the envelope generator is quite basic. It's obviously pre MIDI but has the proprietary S-Trig interface so you can use it with modern sequencing packages via a converter. Doepfer, Kenton, and Philip Rees all make MIDI to CV converters capable of triggering the Rogue. You have to use stereo jacks rather than the more traditional mono CV & Gate type plugs. This was always a strange idiosyncratic feature of all Moog synthesizers. The Rogue was always criticized for its construction. The build quality is a bit dicey compared to other Moog synthesizers. Having said that, mine is still going strong after 30 years so it can't be that bad I guess. I actually quite like the big clunky metal rocker-switches and none of the pots crackle, which is unusual for a machine of this age. The Moog Rogue in action * Synthpop | Electronica | The Quadraphonic All Stars Download Electronic Synthpop by the Quadraphonic All Stars Check out the Moog Rogue here.. * Quadra Trax | The Quadraphonic All Stars Listen to Quadra Trax for free. From Quadra Trax EP, released 01 December 2009. Fun With Filters The filter section is pretty basic. It just your vanilla flavour 24dB per octave lowpass with cutoff, emphasis (resonance), and envelope amount which is why I don't really bother with it. I prefer to run it through an external high-order filter bank which gives me high-pass, and band pass filters and clock it to my sequencer for extra weirdness. Trust me, it sounds out of this world. I've owned and used many expensive and exotic synths over the years, and still do, but this combination gets me every time, and I use it to death. So why do I love it so much? Where it gets interesting is the mysterious 'overdrive' slider on the right-hand side of the panel. Whack it up and it saturates the filter to produce a distinctively rich sound which is perfect for bass or screaming lead sounds. It's not quite as appealing as the overdrive circuit on the Mini-Moog but it still sounds wonderfully organic. Check out some of my tunes which are covered in Rogue as I use it on pretty much all of my recordings these days. I also use it for drum and percussion sounds. Conclusion To moan about the 'cheapness' of this machine (and many users do) and its lack of features misses the point. Sure It does have a limited sound palette but what it does, it does extremely well. Stick it through a proper filter and it will blow your socks off. If you want nasty over-driven 'hoover' type sounds, or a deep warm bass then I guarantee that this machine will always come up with the goods. Hear it for yourself... Ads by Google Digital Analog Design News www.ElectronicsWeekly.com/Design Read the Latest Electronics Design News & Daily Updates from EW- Publishing Children Book? www.ChooseYourPublisher.com Directory of Top-Quality Children Publishing Companies. Free Guides! Bridge Inspection Units www.moog-online.de/en MOOG - Your manufacturer for underbridge units. Copyright © 2011 HubPages Inc. and respective owners. All rights reserved. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. terms of use privacy policy (1.15 sec) HubPages Entertainment

http://www.preservearticles.com

What are the seven essential uses of air?         Air has many uses. Some of them are as follows:           

1. Air contains oxygen, which is essential for life. All living things respire by breathing in air. The air we breathe in is inhaled air. The air we breathe out is exhaled air.

2. Air supports burning or combustion. The oxygen present in air is essential for burning. We burn fuels to cook food, generate heat and electricity, run industries and drive vehicles. The presence of nitrogen reduces the activity of oxygen. If air contained mostly oxygen, even small fires would turn into huge explosions!

3. The nitrogen present in air is essential for the growth of plants. Plants take in nitrogen directly from the air or from the soil.

4. A layer of ozone gas present high up in the atmosphere protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Also during daytime, the atmosphere prevents excessive heat from the sun from reaching us. At night, the atmosphere traps the surface heat and prevents it from escaping.

5. Moving air, called wind, has great force. It enables the movement of sailboats and gliders. It runs windmills, which are used to generate electricity. Wind also helps in the dispersal of seeds.

6. Compressed air is used in a number of ways. It is used to fill tyres. Many machines make use of compressed air. For example, machines used in mining and digging and the drill used by dentists work on compressed air.

7. Carbon dioxide is taken from air by plants for photosynthesis, the process of making their food. The air we breathe out contains carbon dioxide. Exhaled air can be tested for the presence of carbon dioxide.                            Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.                                                   Copyright © 2011 PreserveArticles.com, All rights reserved. Sitemap

http://www.hijauku.com

3 Jenis Plastik yang Harus Anda Hindari

Posted by hijauku on Mei 19, 2011 No Comments

Plastik ada di mana-mana. Pembuangan bahan sintetis seperti plastik menjadi masalah besar bagi seluruh komunitas di dunia. Jika tidak berhati-hati, bahan beracun dalam plastik bisa menimbulkan efek serius bagi kesehatan Anda.
Di Amerika, sebanyak 10,5 juta ton sampah plastik dihasilkan setiap tahun. Namun, hanya 1-2% yang berhasil didaur ulang.
Salah satu cara untuk mengenali plastik yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan adalah dengan mengetahui makna dari angka yang terletak dalam simbol segi tiga daur ulang.
Untuk menghindari racun kimia dari sampah plastik yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan, hindari pemakaian plastik yang memiliki kode daur ulang 3, 6 atau 7. Berikut rinciannya:
Plastik No.3
Biasanya bahan plastik ini digunakan untuk botol penyedap rasa, bahan mainan anak-anak, tirai mandi, botol detergen atau pembersih kaca, botol sampo, botol minyak goreng, kemasan makanan transparan, bungkus kabel, peralatan kesehatan, lis hordeng, jendela dan pipa.
Plastik No. 3 berisiko mengeluarkan racun kimia ke dalam makanan dan minuman. Proses produksi PVC juga dikenal menghasilkan racun dioksin yang mencemari alam sekitar.
Plastik No.6
Dikenal dengan nama “polystyrene” atau “styrofoam”, plastik No.6 ini biasanya dipakai untuk bahan piring dan gelas sekali buang, keranjang daging, karton telur, botol aspirin dan bungkus CD.
Anda harus berhati-hati terutama ketika Anda menggunakan gelas “styrofoam” berpenutup, yang saat panas bisa mengeluarkan bahan-bahan kimia beracun seperti styrene ke dalam kopi atau teh Anda.
Plastik No.6 juga dikenal sebagai salah satu plastik yang paling sulit untuk didaur ulang.
Plastik No.7
Plastik “serba guna” ini dipakai untuk bermacam jenis produk, termasuk diantaranya, botol bayi, botol galon air, bahan anti-peluru, kaca mata hitam, DVD, iPod, “casing” komputer, rambu-rambu, papan pengumuman, berbagai jenis bungkus makanan serta bahan nilon.
Plastik No. 7 dibuat dari bermacam bahan, ada yang aman, ada juga yang beracun seperti Bisphenol A (BPA), yang mengandung estrogen sintetis yang bisa mengacaukan sistem hormon manusia dan mengganggu kesehatan.
Diperkirakan lebih dari 300 juta ton plastik diproduksi di seluruh dunia dan sebagian diantaranya berbahan baku minyak. (Bahkan, plastik yang berasal dari jagung pun bisa berbahaya bagi lingkungan, tergantung darimana kita mengalkulasi efeknya).
Beberapa langkah yang bisa Anda terapkan untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan plastik diantaranya adalah dengan membawa gelas, peralatan makan serta tas yang bisa dipakai ulang, menghindari produk dengan kemasan plastik yang berlebihan, serta menghindari bahan plastik sebisa mungkin pada setiap kesempatan.
Jangan lupa juga untuk mendaur ulang plastik semampu Anda dan menciptakan program daur ulang plastik di lingkungan sekitar.
Sumber: The Daily Green

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2011

Kompos

Sampah organik merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang baik dalam pembuatan kompos. Sampah yang telah dicacah kemudian diproses melalui penyaringan sehingga tersaring bagian yang halus. Pada sampah halus tersebut akan dilakukan pencampuran dan fermentasi sehingga menjadi kompos. Kompos yang dihasilkan dapat dijual dengan harga yang murah ke masyarakat. Dengan memotong biaya seperti biaya transportasi serta biaya bahan baku maka kompos yang dihasilkan bisa dijual lebih murah dibandingkan dengan kompos di pasar. 

Pemasaran juga dapat dilakukan dengan bekerjasama dengan pihak-pihak ketiga seperti kelompok tani yang ada di wilayah produksi. Kerjasama-kerjasama ini akan membuka pasar dan menyerap hasil produksi kompos tersebut.

DAPAT MENYEDIAKAN BERBAGAI KUALITAS

1. .Kompos kasar    Rp. 450,- kg/kemasan 20 kg/40kg
2.  Kompos Halus    Rp. 600,- kg/kemasam 20 kg/40 kg
3.  Kompos Pellet    Rp.1.200 kg.
4.  Pupuk Organik Granule  Rp.1.200,- kg s/d Rp. 3.500,- tergantung ukuran dan kandungan haranya
5.  Pupuk Hayati P    Rp. 2.000,- kg
6.  Melayani Pembuatan Pupukkehendakpesanan anda

Tips untuk Anda

"JANGAN BUANG SAMPAH SEMBARANG"  "JANGAN BUANG SAMPAH DISINI" " JANGAN BISA HANYA MENGANCAM DAN MELARANG"  "MARI KITA OLAH SAMPAH, DARI MASALAH MENJADI PELUANG." **

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